Problem:
Find the area A bounded by the graph of
y = sin(x) and the x-axis from x = 0 to x = p.
Visualization:

[Press here to see animation again!]
In the animation above, first you can see how by increasing the number of
equal-sized intervals the sum of the areas of inscribed rectangles can better
approximate the area A. Then this is followed by showing how by
increasing the number of equal-sized intervals the sum of the areas of
circumscribed rectangles can better approximate the area A.
The following table indicates the sums of the various areas together with their
averages. n indicates the number of rectangles.
| n | Sum of areas of inscribed rectangles |
Sum of areas of circumscribed rectangles |
Average of the Two Sums |
| 2 | 0 | 3.14159265 | 1.57079633 |
| 4 | 1.11072073 | 2.68151706 | 1.89611890 |
| 8 | 1.58153252 | 2.36693068 | 1.97423160 |
| 16 | 1.79722080 | 2.18991988 | 1.99357034 |
| 32 | 1.90021859 | 2.09656813 | 1.99839336 |
| 64 | 1.95051100 | 2.04868577 | 1.99959839 |
| 128 | 1.97535591 | 2.02444329 | 1.99989960 |
| 256 | 1.98770306 | 2.01224674 | 1.99997490 |
| 512 | 1.99385780 | 2.00612964 | 1.99999372 |
| 1024 | 1.99693047 | 2.00306640 | 1.99999844 |
|
It appears that the averages of the two sums may have 2 as "its limit".